Body systems | Introduction to human body | hap first semester b. pharmacy

Body systems | Introduction to human body

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1. The Nervous System

•    - The nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body and the brain.

•    - It comprises the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves and ganglia.

•    - This system regulates bodily functions, processes sensory information, and controls voluntary and involuntary actions.

2. The Circulatory System

•    - Also known as the cardiovascular system, it transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

•    - The heart, a muscular organ, pumps blood through a network of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

•    - Oxygen-rich blood is distributed to cells, and oxygen-depleted blood is returned to the lungs and heart for oxygenation.

3. The Respiratory System

•    - The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

•    - Key components include the lungs, airways, and diaphragm.

•    - When we breathe, air is drawn into the lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is released as waste.

4. The Digestive System

•    - Responsible for processing food and extracting nutrients to provide energy and support growth and repair.

•    - Major organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

•    - Enzymes and digestive juices aid in breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption.

5. The Endocrine System

•    - Comprised of various glands (e.g., thyroid, adrenal, pancreas) that produce hormones to regulate bodily functions.

•    - Hormones act as messengers, controlling processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

•    - This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis.

6. The Muscular System

•    - Responsible for enabling movement and providing support to the body.

•    - Muscles work in pairs, with contraction and relaxation allowing for mobility.

•    - There are three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac, each with specific functions.

7. The Skeletal System

•    - Composed of bones, joints, and cartilage, the skeletal system provides structural support and protection for internal organs.

•    - Bones store minerals, produce blood cells, and allow for movement when muscles contract.

8. The Lymphatic System

•    - Functions to filter and transport lymph (a fluid containing white blood cells) throughout the body.

•    - Lymph nodes act as filters, removing toxins and pathogens from the lymph before it returns to the bloodstream.

•    - This system plays a vital role in immune function.

9. The Reproductive System

•    - Responsible for reproduction and the continuation of the species.

•    - In males, the system includes testes, which produce sperm, and in females, it encompasses ovaries, which produce eggs.

•    - Other structures, such as the uterus and fallopian tubes in females, support fertilization and pregnancy.

10. The Integumentary System

•     - The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, and nails, serving as the body's outer protective barrier.

•     - Skin regulates body temperature, protects against pathogens, and contains sensory receptors for touch, pressure, and temperature.

•     - Hair and nails also have protective and sensory functions.

Each of these systems plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and functionality, and they work together to ensure the body's survival and well-being.

HAP-1 Notes All 5 units

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